Medical environment monitoring system

ABSTRACT

A system and a method are described for monitoring a medical care environment. In one or more implementations, a method includes identifying a first subset of pixels within a field of view of a camera as representing a bed. The method also includes identifying a second subset of pixels within the field of view of the camera as representing an object (e.g., a patient) proximal to the bed. The method also includes determining an orientation of the object within the bed. In implementations, the method further includes issuing an electronic communication notification directing a user to view a display monitor associated with the object based upon the orientation of the object. In some implementations, the method further includes breaking out a particular portion of the display associated with the object. In some implementations, the method also includes determining whether to issue future notifications based upon feedback to the notification.

BACKGROUND

Cameras are configured to capture images within the camera's field-of-view. Cameras may be configured to capture data representing color frame images, such as Red-Green-Blue cameras, and/or configured to capture data representing depth frame images. In some configurations, cameras configured to capture depth frame data transmit a near-infrared light over a portion of the camera's field-of-view and determine a time of flight associated with the transmitted light. In other implementations, the depth may be determined by projecting a structured pattern of infrared light and determining depth from an infrared camera utilizing suitable parallax techniques.

SUMMARY

A system and a method are described for monitoring a medical care environment. In one or more implementations, a method includes identifying a first subset of pixels within a field of view of a camera as representing a bed. The method also includes identifying a second subset of pixels within the field of view of the camera as representing an object (e.g., a subject, such as a patient, medical personnel; bed; chair; patient tray; medical equipment; etc.) proximal to the bed. The method also includes determining an orientation of the object within the bed. In implementations, the method further includes issuing an electronic communication notification directing a user to view a display monitor associated with the object based upon the orientation of the object. In some implementations, the method further includes breaking out a particular portion of the display associated with the object. In some implementations, the method also includes determining whether to issue future notifications based upon feedback to the notification.

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

DRAWINGS

The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures. The use of the same reference numbers in different instances in the description and the figures may indicate similar or identical items.

FIGS. 1A and 1B are block diagrams of an image capture system in accordance with an example implementation of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1C illustrates an example screen shot including display portions in accordance with example implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1D is a block diagram of an image capture system including multiple display monitors in accordance with an example implementation of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 2A through 2Z are diagrammatic illustrations depicting various techniques for monitoring an object within a physical environment according to the image capture system shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an example method for monitoring a medical environment in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating another example method for monitoring a medical environment in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating an example method for detecting an action performed by a subject in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating another example method for monitoring a medical environment in accordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example Monitoring Implementation

FIG. 1 illustrates an image capture system 100 in accordance with an example implementation of the present disclosure. As shown, the image capture system 100 includes one or more image capture devices (e.g., one or more cameras 102) a computing device 104 communicatively coupled to the image capture devices, and one or more display monitors 124 communicatively coupled to the computing device 104 and/or the image capture devices.

The cameras 102 are configured to capture images and per-pixel depth information in a field-of-view (FOV) of the cameras 102. As described below, the one or more cameras 102 may be integral with the computing device 104 in some implementations or the one or more cameras 102 may be external to the computing device 104 in other implementations. In an implementation, the cameras 102 may be depth cameras, such as Red-Green-Blue depth (RGB-D) cameras operable to capture depth frame image data representing one or more depth frame images and to capture color frame image data representing one or more color (RGB) frame images. In an embodiment, the cameras 102 may include, but are not limited to: a near infrared light configured to generate a near infrared light pattern onto the objects within the FOV, a depth frame image complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) sensor device configured to measure the depth of each object within the FOV, and a color frame image CMOS camera device. For example, RGB-D cameras can identify various objects within the FOV of the cameras 102 and estimate the depth of the identified objects through various depth approximation techniques. For instance, the RGB-D cameras may transmit a structured light pattern in the near-infrared spectrum and utilize suitable parallax techniques to estimate the depth of the objects within the camera's 102 FOV in order to generate depth image data representing one or more depth frame images. Thus, a camera 102 captures data to allow for generation of a depth frame image representing at least partially objects within the camera's 102 FOV. The camera 102 may also be configured to capture color frame image data representing a color frame image at least partially representing objects within the camera's 102 FOV. For example, the depth image may include a two-dimensional (2-D) pixel area of the captured scene where each pixel in the 2-D pixel area may represent a depth value such as a length or distance (e.g., centimeters, millimeters, or the like of an object in the captured scene from the camera 102)

In an implementation, the camera 102 provides the ability to capture and map three-dimensional video imagery in addition to two-dimensional video imagery. For example, the camera 102 can capture two-dimensional data for a plurality of pixels that comprise the video image. These data values represent color values for the pixels (e.g., red, green, and blue [RGB] values for each pixel that represents the environment). Thus, objects captured by the cameras 102 can appear as two-dimensional objects via a monitor. As mentioned above, the cameras 102 can also capture depth data within the cameras' 102 FOV. Thus, the cameras 102 are configured to capture the x and y components (e.g., x and y values) of the environment within the FOV using RGB values (captured image data) for each pixel in the scene. However, the cameras 102 are configured to also capture the z-components of the environment, which represent the depth values (e.g., depth estimate data corresponding to the z-axis) within the environment.

The camera 102 furnishes the image data (captured image data, depth estimate data, etc.) to the computing device 104. In a specific implementation, the camera 102 may be configured to capture images representing environmental views within the FOV of the camera 102. For example, the camera 102 may capture image data (e.g., three-dimensional data) representing a bed and one or more objects within the FOV of the camera 102 with respect to an image plane of the camera 102.

The computing device 104 may be configured in a variety of ways. For example, the computing device 104 may be a server computing device, a desktop computing device, a laptop computing device, an embedded computing device, or the like. In some implementations, the camera 102 is external to the computing device 104. In other implementations, the camera 102 is integral with the computing device 104. As shown in FIG. 1, the computing device 104 includes a processor 106 and a memory 108.

The processor 106 provides processing functionality for the computing device 104 and may include any number of processors, micro-controllers, or other processing systems and resident or external memory for storing data and other information accessed or generated by the computing device 104. The processor 106 may execute one or more software programs (e.g., modules) that implement techniques described herein. For example, the processor 106, in conjunction with one or more modules as described herein, is configured to generate a depth mask (image) of the environment based upon the depth estimate data (e.g., z-component data) captured by the cameras 102. For example, one or more modules are configured to cause the processor 106 to continually monitor the depth value of at least substantially all of the pixels that represent the captured environment and stores the greatest (deepest) depth value associated with each pixel. For instance, the modules cause the processor 106 to continually monitor for a pre-determined amount of time (e.g., a plurality of frames) the depth value of the pixels and stores the deepest depth value measured during the time interval. Thus, the depth mask comprises an accumulation of depth values and each value represents the deepest depth value of a pixel measured over the time interval. The processor 106 can then be instructed to generate a point cloud based upon the depth mask that includes a set of point values that represent the captured environment.

The memory 108 is an example of tangible computer-readable media that provides storage functionality to store various data associated with the operation of the computing device 104, such as the software program and code segments mentioned above, or other data to instruct the processor 106 and other elements of the computing device 104 to perform the steps described herein.

The computing device 104 is communicatively coupled to the cameras 102 over a communication network 110 through a communication module 112 included in the computing device 104. The communication module 112 may be representative of a variety of communication components and functionality, including, but not limited to: one or more antennas; a browser; a transmitter and/or receiver; a wireless radio; data ports; software interfaces and drivers; networking interfaces; data processing components; and so forth.

The communication network 110 may comprise a variety of different types of networks and connections that are contemplated, including, but not limited to: the Internet; an intranet; a satellite network; a cellular network; a mobile data network; wired and/or wireless connections; and so forth.

Examples of wireless networks include, but are not limited to: networks configured for communications according to: one or more standard of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), such as 802.11 or 802.16 (Wi-Max) standards; Wi-Fi standards promulgated by the Wi-Fi Alliance; Bluetooth standards promulgated by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group; and so on. Wired communications are also contemplated such as through universal serial bus (USB), Ethernet, serial connections, and so forth.

The system 100 may include a display 114 to display information to a user of the computing device 104. In embodiments, the display 114 may comprise an LCD (Liquid Crystal Diode) display, a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) LCD display, an LEP (Light Emitting Polymer) or PLED (Polymer Light Emitting Diode) display, and so forth, configured to display text and/or graphical information such as a graphical user interface. The processor 106 is configured to request depth image data and color frame image data from the camera 102 (e.g., image capture device) and create an association between the depth image data and the color frame image data. In an implementation, the processor 106 may be configured to provide the associated data to the display 114 for display purposes.

As shown in FIG. 1, the system 100 may include one or more input/output (I/O) devices 115 (e.g., a keypad, buttons, a wireless input device, a thumbwheel input device, a trackstick input device, a touchscreen, and so on). The I/O devices 115 may include one or more audio I/O devices, such as a microphone, speakers, and so on.

The computing device 104 is communicatively coupled to the one or more of display monitors 124, as illustrated in FIGS. 1A through 1D. In embodiments, display monitor 124 comprises a display 126. The display 126 may comprise an LCD (Liquid Crystal Diode) display, a TFT (Thin Film Transistor) LCD display, an LEP (Light Emitting Polymer) or PLED (Polymer Light Emitting Diode) display, and so forth, configured to display text and/or graphical information such as a graphical user interface. The computing device 104 is communicatively coupled to the display monitors 124 over the communication network 110 through the communication module 112. In implementations, the computing device 104 and/or the cameras 102 furnishes the captured image data to the display monitor 124. For example, the processor 106 may be configured to provide the associated depth image data and color frame image data to the display monitors 124 for display purposes. In embodiments, one or more display monitor 124 can be associated with a particular patient. In some implementations, the computing device 104 can be configured to furnish the captured image data associated with a specific object (e.g., patient) to a specific display monitor 124 associated with that object. In other embodiments, the cameras 102 located in a specific area (e.g., patient room) can be coupled with a specific display monitor associated with that area. The cameras 102 can furnish the captured image data associated with the area to the specific display monitor 124 associated with that area. It is to be understood that the use of a single computing device 104 to provide functionality to a one or more display monitors 124 is offered by way of example only and is not meant to be restrictive of the present disclosure. In other embodiments, a plurality of computing devices 104 could provide functionality to the display monitors 124. For example, each display monitor 124 can be coupled to an independent computing device 104.

In some embodiments, one display monitor 124 is configured to receive captured image data associated with a plurality of patients. The display monitor 124 can have discrete display portions 128, as illustrated in FIG. 1B. In some implementations, each display portion 128 can correspond to a different patient, as illustrated in FIG. 1C. The module 116 can cause the processor 106 to display captured image data associated with each patient on the corresponding display portion 128 of the display monitor 124 (not pictured). For example, a first display portion 128(1) can display captured image data for a first patient, a second display portion 128(2) can display captured image data for a second patient, and so forth. This allows for a single user to view multiple patients utilizing a single display monitor 124. In implementations, the display monitor 124 can break out a display portion 128 corresponding to a particular patient, as illustrated in FIG. 1C. In some implementations, the user can utilize an I/O device to select a patient and/or area for viewing from a preselected group of patients and/or areas associated with the display monitor 124. When the user selects a particular patient, the display monitor 124 sends signal to break out the display portion 128 corresponding to that patient. For example, if a user selects the display portion 128 associated with a particular patient (e.g., 128(8)), the display monitor (not pictured) breaks out the display portion 128(8) associated with that patient from the display 126. However, the manual selection of a display portion 128 is offered by way of example only and is not meant to be restrictive of the present disclosure. In other implementations, the display monitor 124 can be configured to automatically break out a display portion 128 corresponding to a particular patient utilizing the techniques described herein.

In other embodiments, a plurality of display monitors 124 can be associated with one or more patients, as illustrated in FIG. 1D. Each display monitor 124 can be configured to receive captured image data for one or more patients. In some implementations, the system 100 can include a bank of display monitors 124, with each display monitor 124 configured to receive and display captured image data for a different patient and/or area. In other implementations, the system 100 can include a plurality of display monitors 124 with each display monitor 124 configured to receive and display captured image data for multiple patients and/or areas using the technique described above. For example, each floor of a health care facility can have a display monitor 124 configured to receive and display captured image data associated with the patients and/or rooms located on the respective floor.

As shown in FIG. 1, the computing device 104 includes a patient monitoring module 116 which is storable in the memory 108 and executable by the processor 106. The patient monitoring module 116 is representative of functionality to monitor a medical care environment. For example, the module 116 is representative of functionality to monitor one or more objects (e.g., subjects) within a medical environment. For instance, the objects may be patients, medical personnel, medical equipment, and so forth. In a specific implementation, the module 116 represents functionality to monitor a patient when the patient is positioned proximal or within a bed (or seating platform). While the present disclosure illustrates a patient in or proximal to a bed, it is understood that the system 100 may utilize the techniques disclosed within to monitor a patient in or proximal to a seating platform (e.g., chair, wheelchair, bench, toilet, etc.). The module 116 is configured to determine whether the patient is still in the bed (or the seating platform) and the approximate orientation (e.g., positioning) of the patient within the bed (or the seating platform). The system 100 may be utilized to monitor a patient within a medical care environment, such as a hospital environment, a home environment, or the like. The module 116 also represents functionality to monitor medical personnel within the medical environment (e.g., monitor how long the medical personnel is within the FOV). The module 116 may monitor the objects within the medical environment through a variety of techniques, which are described in greater detail below.

The module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to determine a depth value associated with each pixel (e.g., each pixel has a corresponding value that represents the approximate depth from the camera 102 to the detected object). In an implementation, the module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to determine a center of mass of a detected object positioned above the bed plane. For example, the module 116 may initially cause the processor 106 to determine a bed plane 202 representing a bed within the FOV of the camera 102 (e.g., determine the depth of the bed with no objects on or over the bed). Thus, the pixels associated with the bed are identified (i.e., define a bed plane) and an associated distance is determined for the identified bed. When an object is positioned within in the bed, the module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to continually monitor the depth values associated with at least substantially all of the pixels within the defined bed plane. Thus, the processor 106 is configured to process the depth image to determine one or more targets (e.g., users, patients, bed, etc.) are within the captured scene. For instance, the processor 106 may be instructed to group together the pixels of the depth image that share a similar distance.

As shown in FIG. 2A, at least a portion of the pixels proximal to the bed 202 may represent an object 204 (e.g., a patient) within the bed, and the module 116 causes the processor 106 to monitor the depth values of the pixels representing the object 204 as these pixels have a depth value that is less than the depth value of the pixels defining the bed plane 202 (e.g., the object is nearer to the camera 102 as compared to the top plane of the bed, the object is above the bed plane). The module 116 causes the processor 106 to identify a group of pixels having depth values (e.g., z-values) indicating a closer distance to the camera 102 as compared to the pixels defining the bed plane 202. For example, the processor 106 may incorporate a shortest-distance technique for identifying these pixels. The module 116 causes the processor 106 to determine a center of mass 206 based upon the identified pixels (pixels having z-value closer to the camera 102 as compared to the pixels representing the bed plane). The module 116 is configured to instruct the processor 106 to divide the bed into discrete portions. For example, the module 116 may be configured to divide the bed into three (3) discrete portions 210A, 210B, 210C (i.e., 2 side portions and 1 middle portion). The module 116 then instructs the processor 106 to determine whether more than half of the mass (approximated), or center of mass 206, of the object 204 is within one of the outer thirds of the bed. If at least approximately half of the mass is determined to be within a side portion of the bed, the processor 106 determines that the patient is at the edge of the bed. Based upon this determination, the module 116 causes the issuance of an electronic communication notification (e.g., SMS message, an e-mail message, or the like) to direct medical personnel to view a display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with the patient. It is to be understood that the use of a text-based notification is offered by way of example only and is not meant to be restrictive of the present disclosure. In other embodiments, the electronic communication notification can further comprise other types of electronically communicated signals such as a visual signal (e.g., flashing of the display monitor, etc.) and/or an audible signal (e.g., noise-based alarm, etc.). In some embodiments, the electronic communication notification can signal the display monitor 124 to break out a display portion 128 associated with the patient.

In another implementation, the module 116 may utilize center of mass scan-line techniques, or other suitable techniques, to determine how the patient is positioned within the bed (see FIG. 2B). In an implementation, the module 116 is configured to generate a curve 212 representing an orientation of the object 204 (e.g., patient's body) within the bed. If the bottom portion of the curve 212 moves to the right with respect to a defined center line and then moves back to the center line, the module 116 determines that the patient is positioned on the patient's left side with his or her knees tucked. The module 116 may cause the processor 106 to identify a plurality (e.g., a set) of points having a depth characteristic above the bed plane 202. In this implementation, the processor 116 identifies a plurality of points from a first side (e.g., the “top” side or the side of the bed that the patient's head is proximally located) to a second side (e.g., the “bottom” side of the bed or the side of the bed that the patient's feet (or foot, legs, etc.) are proximally located. For example, the module 116 may cause the processor 106 to compute by way of a suitable scan line technique of one or more of the identified points (e.g., body points) representing the patient. For instance, the processor 106 may utilize mean shifted processes or center of mass processes to identify a plurality of points (pixels) representing a portion of the object 204. Thus, the processor 106 can utilize a subset of the points 213 to generate one or more lines 214 (or “trace” a line from the first side of the bed to the second side of the bed) utilizing one or more statistically noise-resistance techniques to determine a general orientation of the patient's body within the bed. The points utilized when generating the lines 214 may be weighted by various criteria so as to provide greater importance to a first pixel as compared to a second pixel. For example, pixels that are determined to be higher above the bed plane 202 as compared to pixels that represent portions of the space that are lower than the bed may be given a greater weight. Thus, the module 116 is configured to cause the lines 214 to represent (move towards or gravitate towards) the segmented points that are higher than the bed.

As shown in FIG. 2C, the module 116 may cause the processor 106 to identify whether an object 204 is sitting in the bed. For example, when an object 204, such as a patient, is sitting up in bed, the processor 106 may identify one or more regions 216 identified as having zero pixels within a region 218 of the bed plane 202 (e.g., processor 106 determines there is no depth data associated with the region 218). The processor 106 may also determine that the object 204 is sitting in bed based upon the processor 106 determining that pixels having a depth value classified as representing the body (e.g., pixels having a certain height above the bed) are not identified within the region 218 (e.g., top of the bed). The processor 106 may also determine that the object 204 is sitting based upon an determination that a threshold of pixels classified as representing the body are proximate (e.g., adjacent) to the region 216.

In another implementation, the module 116 may cause the identification, or positioning, of the object 204 through a determination of a relatively uniform distribution of body pixels from the first region 219 of the bed plane 202 to the second region 220 of the bed plane 202 (see FIG. 2D). In another implementation, as shown in FIG. 2E, the processor 106 may identify a mass (e.g., subset) 221 of pixels having depth values above the bed plane 202 (e.g., proximal to the camera 102 as compared to the pixels representing the bed). In an implementation, the subset of pixels may represent a volume or mass above the bed plane 202 that is indicative of the object 204 sitting up. Based upon the subset 221 of the identified pixels, the processor 106 can be instructed by the module 116 to integrate over the subset of pixels to determine an approximate volume between the pixels identified as above the bed and the bed itself. Additionally, one or more clustering techniques may be utilized such that the system 100 is tolerant of other objects located within the bed (e.g., pixels representing other objects having depth values above the bed plane). Thus, a center of mass technique may be utilized to determine whether a center of mass (e.g., pixels) is a certain height above the bed, which is indicative of the patient sitting up.

In yet another implementation, the module 116 may cause the processor 106 to analyze and determine which pixel represents the point 222 most distant from the bed plane 202 (e.g., x, y, and z coordinates that, when converted into a distance from pixels representing the bed plane 202, yield a value that is greater than the value calculated for the other pixels identified as representing a discrete object over the bed with respect to pixels representing the bed plane). In this implementation, the most distant pixel may indicate a height (maximum height) of the object above the bed, which may be indicative that the object 204 is sitting up in bed (see FIG. 2F).

In yet another implementation, as shown in FIG. 2G, the system 100 may incorporate facial detection techniques to determine a body orientation of the patient. In one or more implementations, the system 100, such as the module 116 and the processor 106, may incorporate suitable machine-learning techniques to assist in the detection of pixels 223 representing the face of the patient. Thus, the processor 106, in conjunction with the module 116, can increasingly (e.g., higher accuracy or confidence intervals) determine the body orientation through the classification of individual body parts based upon the facial recognition (e.g., determine pixels representing individual body parts based upon the pixels identified as representing the face). It is contemplated that the system 100 may also utilize the orientation of the bed to indicate, or aid, in determining the body orientation and the body position of the object 204.

In yet another implementation, the system 100 may identify patients getting out of or getting into the bed. For example, as shown in FIG. 2H, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to define a plane 224 at an edge 225 of the bed 226 such that the processor 106 can identify an object 204 (e.g., a grouping of pixels) that are within the FOV of the camera 102 and are over the bed 226. More specifically, the processor 106 can identify subsets of pixels (a subset of pixels having a predefined number of pixels within the subset) that change (e.g., pixel transitions to representing another object, such as a wall, the bed 226, etc.) within a predefined number of frames (as well as pixels that are connected to the bed [e.g., grouping of pixels having a subset of pixels adjacent to the pixels representing the bed]) to indicate whether the object 204 has transitioned out of or transitioned into the bed 226. In some implementations, the processor 106 can identify (e.g., determine) pixels representing a wall and track pixels representing the subject with respect to the wall pixels. By identifying subsets of pixels proximate to the bed 226, the processor 106 can remove people that are reaching over the bed 226 or objects 204 that are within the bed 226 or positioned within the bed 226. For example, the module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to determine that the patient is putting an extremity outside of the bed 226 by approximating, utilizing a noise tolerant method, the surface area of objects not above the bed plane 202 of the bed 226. In another example, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to detect an arm reaching out of the bed 226 based upon an identification of a subset of pixels representing the arm that are above the bed plane 202. If the module 116 detects pixels above a predetermined threshold, the module 116 determines that the patient is moving a body part outside of the bed.

In yet another implementation, the system 100 is configured to analyze one or more component vectors (shown as vector 227) belonging to a subset 228 (e.g., mass) of pixels representing the object 204 to at least partially assist in determining the orientation of the subset of pixels (see FIG. 2I). For example, the module 116 is configured to determine one or more component vectors associated to (e.g., belonging to) a portion the subset 228 of pixels. Based upon the determined component vectors, the module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to determine an orientation of the object 204 represented by the subset 228 of pixels.

In each of the implementations described above, the module 116 may cause the issuance (e.g., generate and transmit) of an electronic communication notification directing a user to view one or more of the display monitors 124 based the presence of an object (patient) within the bed or whether the object was not determined to be within the bed. In some implementations, the system 100 is configured to interface with third party systems that may issue notifications to medical personnel monitoring one or more patients via the one or more display monitors 124. A user may watch several display monitors 124 corresponding to cameras 102 capturing images of one or more patients. For example, a user can view multiple display monitors 124, each associated with a different patient. In other implementations, a user can view one display monitor 124 associated with multiple patients. In some implementations, the system 100 may issue a text-based electronic communication notification (e.g., SMS message, an e-mail message, or the like) directing the user to observe the display monitor 124 associated with a particular patient. In implementations, the electronic communication notification can further comprise a visual (e.g., flash) and/or audible (e.g., noise-based alarm) signal. It is to be understood that the use of third party interfacing is offered by way of example only and is not meant to be restrictive of the present disclosure. In other embodiments, the computing device 104 can communicate electronic notifications directly to the display monitors 124 via the communication network 110 through the communication module 112. In these embodiments, the module 116 can cause a particular display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 to issue a visual (e.g., flash) and/or audible (e.g., noise-based alarm) signal when the associated patient is determined to not be within the bed. In some embodiments, the display monitor 124 can break out a display portion 128 associated with the patient that is determined not to be within the bed.

In another implementation of the present disclosure, the patient monitoring module 116 includes a fusion engine 118 for determining a state (e.g., position of the human relative to the bed, the side on which the patient is lying, etc.) associated with the human. The fusion engine 118 may implement one or more algorithms corresponding to sensor fusion techniques that map one or more input signals representing a possible state of the patient to a probability distribution (e.g., a set of weighted parameters) associated with possible output states (e.g., determinations of the state of the patient). In a specific implementation of the present disclosure, the fusion engine 118 may implement a Hidden Markov model for assigning weighted parameters to signals associated with the captured environment (e.g., data signals indicating whether there is motion within the captured environment, signals representing a body part, data signals extracted from the captured image data, etc.). More specifically, the fusion engine 118 is configured to determine and to apply weighted parameters to techniques for capturing data associated with one or more pixels. For example, the fusion engine 118 applies a first weighted parameter to data corresponding to a first technique (e.g., a first signal) and applies a second weighted parameter to data corresponding to a second technique. In this example, the first and the second weighted parameters may be the same or may be different. For instance, the weighted parameter may be applied based upon the body portion, the orientation of the body part, the technique utilized, or the like. Based upon the weighted parameters, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to determine a state of the patient (e.g., the side on which the patient is positioned, where the patient is with respect to a wall, patient is positioned on the floor, patient is sitting in bed, etc.).

One or more characteristics 120 associated with the patient may be furnished to the system 100 by a user, such as a caregiver (e.g., medical personnel). The characteristics 120 may include, but are not limited to: age, gender, weight, body type/dimensions, diagnoses, time of day, able-bodied, gait characteristics, mental status, physical restrictions (e.g., missing limbs), facial deformalities, sleeping abnormalities, angle of bed, dimensions of bed, additional equipment in room (e.g., standing IV), fall risk score (e.g., fall risk as determined by the Morse Fall Scale, STRATIFY Scale, Johns Hopkins Scale, Hendrich II Fall Risk Model, etc.), patient schedule, call light signal, bed alarm signal, alarm history, fall risk score, medication records, caregiver has moved the patient, patient ethnicity and/or skin tone, bed characteristics (e.g., pillow/sheet colors/patterns), and/or patient history of side lying activity. In one or more implementations, the system 100 may utilize suitable machine learning techniques to identify (e.g., “learn”) one or more characteristics 120 of the patient. For example, the system 100 may identify one or more characteristics 120 of the patient while monitoring the patient over a time period (e.g., determine which side the patient is positioned, determine a tendency of the patient at discrete time periods, determine recent activity level, etc.).

In some implementations, one or more caregiver characteristics 122 may be furnished to the system 100 by the user, such as a caregiver (e.g., medical personnel). The caregiver characteristics 122 may include, but are not limited to: caregiver schedules (e.g., hourly rounding schedules, number of caregivers on staff, shift time changes, etc.), average response time (e.g., average time it takes for a caregiver to see and respond to an electronic communication issued by the system 100, etc.), patient medication schedule (e.g., medication names or types and historical and future administration schedules), and caregiver location. In one or more implementations, the system 100 may utilize suitable machine learning techniques to identify (e.g., “learn”) one or more of the caregiver characteristics 122. For example, the system 100 may identify the one or more caregiver characteristics 122 by monitoring the caregiver over a period of time (e.g., determine average call light response time, determine how frequently the nurse enters the patient's room, etc.).

In one or more implementations, the one or more characteristics 120 and/or the one or more caregiver characteristics 122 may be furnished to the system 100 by an external system (e.g., nurse call system, electron health record system, electronic medical record system, Admission-Discharge-Transfer system, nurse scheduling system, etc.).

In one or more implementations, the system 100 may use the one or more characteristics 120 and/or the one or more caregiver characteristics 122 to adjust sensitivity and behavior of the system 100, as described herein.

As described in greater detail below and with respect to FIGS. 2J to 2Z, the system 100 is configured to utilize various processing techniques to identify zero or more pixels (or subsets of pixels) representing a body part of an object 204 or pixels associated with a body part (e.g., blanket covering the body, etc.). Each of the processing techniques described below represent a distinct processing technique for identifying a state of the patient (e.g., orientation of the patient within the bed) and may be utilized simultaneously to determine a state of the object 204 (e.g., described hereinafter as patient 204). For example, a first technique (e.g., a first signal) may be utilized to identify one or more pixels representing a body part, and a second technique may be utilized to identify one or more pixels representing another (or the same) body part. The processor 106 utilizes the fusion engine 118 to apply a weighted parameter to each data set associated with each “signal” (e.g., the data associated with the pixels identified through the specified technique). As described above, the fusion engine 118 may utilize a suitable model, such as a Hidden Markov model, to apply the weighted parameters. However, it is understood other suitable models may be utilized. Based upon the weight parameters associated with each data set, the processor 106 determines a state of the patient. In the techniques described above, multiple cameras 102 may be utilized through the environment to provide additional views, or angles, of the environment. In some implementations, the system 100 may apply skeletonization techniques to identified masses to identify movement of the mass within the environment. In some of the implementations described herein, RANSAC techniques, or other geometric shape matching and modeling, may be utilized to identify pixels representing the bed, floor, or other objects within the scene (e.g., for point subtraction). For example, these techniques may be utilized to identify pixels representing rails associated with the bed for template matching, which is described herein.

In yet another implementation, the system 100 is configured to determine whether an object 204 is positioned on the floor (i.e., the patient fell from his or her bed). The module 116 is configured to utilize background subtraction methods to locate objects 204 that are outside of the bed 226. Background subtraction techniques include keeping track of a maximum depth of at least substantially every pixel location (see FIG. 2J). Based upon the maximum depth value, a pixel having a depth value closer than the maximum depth value represents a foreground (represented as region 229, and pixels having a depth value at or below the maximum depth value represents background (represented as region 230). For example, the processor 106 is configured to determine pixels that represent the bed 226 with respect to other objects within the field of view of the camera 102. The surface area of the objects identified as outside of the bed 226 are estimated. The processor 106 determines the object 204 to be a human when the estimation is greater than a defined threshold of pixels (e.g., a subset of pixels is greater than a defined threshold of pixels). The module 116 is configured to instruct the processor 106 to differentiate between a standing person and a person lying down based upon the percentage of pixels representing the object 204 (based upon the surface area) classified as above the bed 226 as compared to the percentage of pixels of the object 204 classified as below the bed 226. For example, if the percentage of the pixels representing object 204 detected below the bed 226 is above a defined threshold (e.g., greater than forty percent, greater than fifty percent, etc.), the module 116 instructs the processor 106 to determine that the person is lying down within the FOV of the camera 102. Thus, the processor 106 is configured to identify a subset of pixels representing a mass proximal to the subset of pixels representing the floor that were not proximal to the floor pixels in previous frames. In this implementation, the module 116 determines that the patient is on the floor when the subset of pixels representing the mass proximal to the subset of pixels representing the floor that were not proximal to the floor pixels in previous frames.

In another example, as shown in FIG. 2K, the module 116 is configured to determine a movement of the object 204 within the bed 226. For example, the module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to approximate a total change in volume of the detected pixels representing the object 204 (e.g., patient) in the bed within one image frame to the next image frame (e.g., the change in volume of pixels from to to TN). If the total change in volume of the object is above a defined threshold, the module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to issue a notification directing a user to view a display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with the patient based on a determination that the patient may not be moving beyond the defined medical protocol. The system 100 is configured to track pixels associated with a mass over a number of depth frame images. If the processor 106 determines that the pixels representing the mass move closer to the floor (e.g., depth values of the pixels representing the mass approach the depth values of the pixels representing the floor), the processor 106 may determine that the object representing the mass is falling to the floor. In some implementations, the system 100 may utilize sound detection (e.g., analysis) in addition to tracking the pixels to determine that the patient has fallen. For example, the processor 106 may determine that a sudden noise in an otherwise quiet environment would indicate that a patient has fallen.

In another implementation, as shown in FIGS. 2L and 2M, the system 100 may receive one or more right-facing images 231 and left-facing images 232 of a patient 204. The system 100 utilizes machine-learning techniques that may include, but are not limited to: cascading Haar classifiers, decision tree algorithms, neural network algorithms, support vector machines, clustering, histogram of gradient techniques, and/or Bayesian network algorithms to generate a parameter utilized for computing a similarity metric between the images (e.g., a distance parameter, locations of specific identified features, and/or measure of confidence that a given subset of pixels represents a specific feature). The module 116 causes the processor 106 to process one or more depth frame images and apply the distance parameter (e.g., similarity metric) to pixels identified as representing one or more facial characteristics. Based upon the application of the parameter and/or the metric, the processor 106 generates a signal representing a possible orientation of the patient (e.g., the side on which the patient is lying).

The module 116 may utilize machine learning techniques (e.g., utilizes a machine learning classifier) to cause the processor 106 to determine a subset of pixels that the processor 106 determines most likely to represent the body and/or the face of the patient. The processor 106 is also configured to output a confidence parameter (e.g., a value ranging between 0 and 1) representing the confidence that the subset of pixels identified is the body and/or the face. In another implementation, the module 116 is configured to cause reporting of an orientation of the body or face (for example, via a degree of rotation, where −90 degrees represents the patient facing left, 0 degrees represents the patient facing up, 90 degrees means facing right, etc.) and a confidence parameter associated with that orientation. The confidence parameter is based on how similar the current situation is to situations that the machine learned classifier has encountered before, as measured by a similarity metric.

As shown in FIG. 2M, the module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to identify a subset 233 of pixels as representing one or more facial characteristics of the patient. For example, the processor 106 is configured to determine whether the face is right-facing or left-facing with respect to the camera 102 based upon the orientation of the pixels representing the one or more facial characteristics. The module 116 may cause the processor 106 to identify one or more pixels representing facial characteristics (e.g., direction of the pixels representing the nose 233, direction of the pixels representing the chin 234, characteristics of the pixels representing the ears 235, etc.) utilizing a feature recognition technique, such as a Haar recognition technique. Based upon the orientation of the identified pixels of the facial characteristics, the processor 106 is configured to determine a state of the patient. For instance, the state of the patient may be positioned on the patient's right side with respect to the camera 102, positioned on the patient's left side with respect to the camera 102, or positioned on the patient's back. In some implementations, the processor 106 is configured to cross-reference the characteristics 120 with the identified pixels of the facial characteristics to determine an orientation of the facial characteristics with respect to the camera 102. For example, the fusion engine 118 may utilize one or more of the characteristics 120 to assist the processor 106 in determining the orientation of the facial characteristics with respect to the camera 102. In a specific implementation, as shown in FIG. 2N, the system 100 is configured to identify one or more pixels as representing a chin 236 of the patient. For example, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to identify pixels as representing a chin of the patient. Based upon the orientation/direction of the chin, the processor 106 generates a signal representing a possible directionality (e.g., orientation) of the head 237, which is utilized to determine a state of the patient (e.g., the side on which the patient is lying).

As shown in FIG. 2O, the system 100 is configured to identify pixels representing an eye socket 238 (or eye sockets) of the patient. In an implementation, the module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to identify the eye socket(s) based upon RGB values (e.g., signals such as hue, shading, color, etc.) of the pixels representing the eye sockets as compared to the depth values of the pixels representing the surround regions of the face of the patient. Based upon the identified pixels, the processor 106 is configured to determine the orientation (direction) of the head 237 of the patient. Thus, this orientation comprises one of the signals (e.g., signal represents the determined orientation) that is used, in conjunction with other signals, to determine a probability distribution of the possible states of the patient.

As shown in FIG. 2P, the system 100 is configured to generate a distance metric for various orientations of the patient's head 237. For example, over a time interval, the system 100 monitors a patient. The processor 106 is configured to measure between at least two pixels representing distinct regions of the patient's head (e.g., pixels representing ear and pixels representing chin, pixels representing eye, pixels representing mouth, pixels representing nose and pixels representing mouth, pixels representing nose and pixels representing chin, pixels representing ear and pixels representing mouth, etc.) and generate at least one distance metric relating to the distinct regions. In some examples, patient photos may be utilized by the system 100 as “seed” data (e.g., initial data provided to the system 100 utilized as a template). The processor 106 is configured to utilize this distance metric as training data to generate a virtual rotation of possible orientations of the head. Thus, the processor 106 generates a set of distance metrics corresponding to one or more potential orientations of the patient's head (e.g., generate a distance metric for each orientation of the patient's head). Based upon the depth frame images, the processor 106 processes the depth frame images to identify pixels representing one or more facial characteristics. The processor 106 applies the distance metric to the identified pixels to generate a signal representing a possible orientation of the patient's head.

As shown in FIG. 2Q, the processor 106 is configured to apply a plane 239 (e.g., identifying a geometric equation for a plane where depth values that satisfy the equation approximately match depth values of pixels within) to the upper torso region 240 of the patient's body approximating the coronal plane (e.g., shoulder and hip points 241A through 241D) utilizing a color or a depth frame image. For example, the processor 106 identifies pixels from a depth frame image corresponding to two or more regions (e.g., shoulders and hips, etc.) of the patient's torso. The processor 106 is configured to identify pixels corresponding to facial characteristics situated to one side of the coronal plane or the other. If the processor 106 determines that a first threshold of the pixels representing the head's mass (e.g., nose, chin, ears) are on a given side of the plane 239, the processor 106 determines that the side on which the patient is lying is the patient's left side or right side as appropriate. Thus, based upon the number of pixels representing the head identified and their position relative to the plane, the processor 106 is configured to generate a signal representing a possible state of the patient.

The module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to track a direction of rotation of the patient's body. For example, as shown in FIG. 2R, the processor 106 may identify one or more pixels representing the patient 204 to track (see FIG. 2R “A”). Thus, the processor 106 is configured to track a point (e.g., a pixel) through successive depth frame images, which would represent a direction vector 242 or direction vectors 242 over a set amount of time (e.g., processor 106 generates one or more direction vectors 242 based upon the tracked points). The processor 106 can identify an average direction of the motion based upon the tracked point through successive depth frame images aggregating information from each pixel to generate a signal representing a possible side on which the patient is lying (see FIG. 2R “B”). The processor 106 can then use this information to determine if the patient is changing between states (e.g. the patient is turning from their left side to facing forward, or from their right side to lying on their stomach, or from lying down to sitting up).

In an implementation, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to track pixels representing the head 237 of the patient (see FIG. 2S). In a specific implementation, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to identify pixels approximately matching a geometric template 243 (e.g., an ellipsoid). For instance, the geometric template 243 may be preprogrammed within the system 100 to provide the system 100 a baseline for identifying pixels representing a body part of the patient. In other words, the geometric template may be a characteristic 120. Thus, the system 100 may include one or more geometric templates 243 corresponding to one or more body parts. In some implementations, the processor 106 identifies a subset of pixels (e.g., a window of pixels) and determines whether a number of pixels within the subset of pixels approximately match the geometric template 243. In order to identify the pixels representing the body part, the module 116 may cause to the processor 106 to utilize a suitable matching algorithm that translates (e.g., rotates) the geometric template 243 to approximately match the template to the pixels representing the body part. This could for example be used to determine orientation of the body part. Based upon a matching geometric template, the processor 106 is configured to generate a signal representing a possible state of the patient.

In another implementation of the present disclosure, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to identify a cluster of pixels (e.g., a clustering of pixels) above the bed plane 202 to determine a body position within the bed. For example, the module 116 may utilize one or more sampling techniques that are tolerant to a certain amount of noise (e.g., wrinkles in the bed sheet, etc.). For example, the processor 106 is configured to construct a model utilizing data representing the bed based upon one or more depth/color frame images. The processor 106 then removes (e.g., subtracts) the data representing the bed such that the remaining data represents the body (or is associated with the body). In another example, suitable geometric analysis or machine learned feature extractions may be utilized. Thus, the processor 106 identifies a number of pixels having a depth value above the bed to determine a state (e.g., orientation, body shape, etc.) of the patient within the bed. For example, if the processor 106 identifies a number of pixels forming a characteristic “S” shape 244 (see FIG. 2T), the processor 106 determines that the patient is on his or her side (since patient probably could not form an “S” shape while on the patient's back). Additionally, the shape may be utilized to determine the side on which the patient is lying. For example, the processor 106 may cross-reference the identified shape with characteristics 120 to generate a signal representing a possible state of the patient.

As shown in FIG. 2U, the module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to identify pixels representing an arm 245 of the patient 204. The processor 106 may identify pixels representing the arms 245 (e.g., having a depth value proximal to camera 102 as compared to the depth value of the pixels representing the bed plane 204 and/or blankets 246 and/or having a color value distinct from the color value of the blankets). In an implementation, the processor 106 determines the state of the patient based upon the orientation of the pixels representing the arms 245 (e.g., an arm is jointed and can only be angled in certain directions). Thus, the processor 106 is configured to cross-reference the pixels representing the arms 245 (e.g., orientation of the arm) to generate a signal representing a possible state of the patient (e.g., the side on which the patient is lying).

As described above, the processor 106 is configured to identify one or more pixels representing the patient's head 237 (see FIGS. 2N, 20, and 2V). Upon identifying the pixels representing the patient's head 237, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to generate a signal representing a possible state (e.g., orientation of the head) based upon the contour of the pixels. For example, the processor 106 may identify the contour of the head based upon the pixels representing one or more facial features of the patient (e.g., pixels representing the chin, pixels representing the eye sockets, pixels representing the nose, etc.).

In an implementation, as shown in FIG. 2W, the processor 106 is configured to determine a state of the patient 204 (e.g., the side on which the patient is lying) based upon the depth values of the pixels of the shoulders 247 as compared to the depth values of the pixels of the head 237. For example, if the patient is positioned on the patient's back, the processor 106 may compare the depth values of the pixels representing the head 237 and the pixels representing the shoulders 247. If the depth values of the pixels representing the shoulder 247 are at or below the depth values of the pixels representing the head 237 (with respect to the pixels representing the bed plane 202), the processor 106 determines the patient is positioned on his or her back. If the depth values of the pixels representing the shoulder 247 are above the depth values of the pixels representing the head 237, the processor 106 generates a signal representing a possible state of the patient (e.g., the side on which the patient is lying).

In another implementation, as shown in FIG. 2X, the module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to identify and to monitor a length of a number (e.g., a subset 248 of pixels) of pixels having a depth value “above” the bed (e.g., a subset 248 of pixels closer to the camera 102 as compared to the pixels representing the bed plane 202). In one or more implementations, the characteristics 120 may include a length parameter indicating a length of the person and/or sheets when the person is in an extended position (e.g., positioned on the patient's back). When the patient is positioned on his or her side, the patient's feet may be closer to the patient's head to represent a non-extended position. The processor 106 is configured to compare the length of the subset 248 of pixels with the length parameter to generate a signal representing a possible state of the patient (e.g., whether the patient is in the extended position (e.g., supine or prone position) or the patient is positioned in a non-extended position (positioned on the patient's side).

In some implementations, as shown in FIG. 2Y, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to monitor the pixels over a time period to identify moving pixels (e.g., moving points). In one or more implementations, the system 100 monitors the physical environment over an extended period of time to compensate for camera noise and/or other disturbances within the FOV of the camera 102. Thus, the processor 106 may be configured to identify a subset 249 of moving pixels (e.g., pixels having varying depth values from one or more depth frame images) that represent breathing (e.g., arrow represents the subset 249 of moving pixels). Based upon the monitored moving pixel characteristics, the processor 106 is configured to generate a signal representing a possible state of the patient (e.g., that the patient is on the patient's back).

In an implementation, the patient monitoring module 116 can cause the processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification directing a user to view one or more display monitors 124 and/or a display portion 128 associated with the patient based upon one or more states described above or based upon an identification of an action (e.g., gesture) performed by the object 204. For example, the patient monitoring module 116 may represent functionality to cause the processor 106 to identify a gesture performed by the patient. For instance, based upon one or more monitoring techniques described above, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to determine a gesture has been performed based upon an identification of pixels representing a specific body part (e.g., an arm) and to detect movement of the pixels representing the specific body part. The system 100 is configured to track the movement of the identified pixels to determine if the identified pixels correspond to a predetermined movement (e.g., predefined pattern). If the movement matches (e.g., approximately matches) a predetermined movement, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to determine a gesture has been performed (e.g., waving of an arm, movement of a leg, etc.). For example, the processor 106 compares the detected movement to preprogrammed parameters to determine whether the movement is a gesture. Based upon a gesture, the processor 106 issues (e.g., generates and causes transmission) an electronic communication notification directing medical personnel to view the display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with the patient. The electronic communication may be transmitted to medical personnel to indicate that the patient is requesting medical personnel. Medical personnel can view the associated display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 to assess the detected state of the patient.

The system 100 may also be configured to cause issuance of an electronic communication based upon relative activity of a specific patient. In an implementation, the characteristics 120 may further include data and/or parameters (e.g., activity thresholds) relating to a specific patient's activity (e.g., activity baselines) during specific time periods (e.g., day time, night time). As described above, the module 116 includes functionality to identify pixels representing an object 204 and/or specific body parts associated with the object 204. The module 116 also includes functionality to track activity levels during time periods and compare the tracked activity levels with the characteristics 120. For example, based upon one or more of identified subsets of pixels associated with the object (e.g., head, torso, legs, blanket, arms, etc.), the module 116 causes the processor 106 to track the identified subset of pixels over a discrete time period. As described above, the processor 106 can also track movement (or non-movement) of the object 204. The processor 106 compares data representing the tracked movement (or non-movement) to the characteristics 120, the processor 106 determines an activity parameter during the discrete time period. If the activity parameter is outside the activity threshold, the processor 106 is configured to issue an electronic communication notification to medical personnel regarding the activity of the object 204. The electronic communication notification can direct medical personnel to view a display monitor 124 and/or a display portion 128 associated with the object 204 to assess the activity of the object 204.

In some implementations, as shown in FIG. 2Z, the system 100 is configured to track other objects 250 within the FOV of the camera 102. For example, the objects 250 may be medical personnel or the objects 250 may be equipment (e.g., medical equipment) within the patient's room. In one or more implementations, the module 116 is configured to cause tracking of medical personnel to ensure medical personnel are monitoring the patient. For example, the module 116 may cause the processor 106 to identify another subset of pixels as representing an object 250 according to one or more of the techniques described above. In some instances, the processor 106 identifies a subset of pixels representing medical personnel (e.g., a nurse, a doctor, etc.) and determines a time parameter based upon how long the medical personnel were in the FOV of the camera 102 and when the medical personnel entered (and exited) the FOV. The time parameter may indicate whether the medical personnel interacted with the patient or whether the medical personnel simply observed the patient. In some implementations, the system 100 may furnish the time parameters to properly credentialed personnel. These personnel may utilize the time parameters to ensure that the medical personnel monitored the patient during one or more time periods.

The module 116 may include functionality to utilize time parameters to modify notification signaling thresholds associated with the patient. For example, as described above, one or more electronic communications may be issued based upon a state of the patient. These electronic communications may also be based upon a notification signaling threshold. For example, the module 116 may cause issuance of an electronic communication notification when it has been determined that the patient has moved too much or is transitioning out of the bed. In some instances, a patient may be prone to engaging in unauthorized activity after a medical personnel visit. Thus, in an implementation, a notification signaling threshold may be increased after medical personnel have exited the FOV. In another implementation, the notification signaling threshold may be decreased before a scheduled visit of the medical personnel.

The module 116 may also have functionality to determine whether medical equipment in the patient's room is in the proper location (e.g., position). In some implementations, as described above, the objects 250 may represent medical equipment or other objects within the patient's room. For example, the objects may comprise tray tables, respiratory ventilators, medical furniture, intravenous (IV) equipment, and the like. The module 116 may include functionality to ensure proper location of the objects 250 within the FOV of the camera 102. For example, the module 116 may cause the processor 106 to identify pixels representing one or more objects 250 and determine a position of the objects 250 within the FOV of the camera 102. The processor 106 cross-references the determined position of the object 250 with an object 250 position parameter that indicates where the object 250 should be positioned. If the object 250 is not positioned correctly, the processor 106 issues an electronic communication notification indicating that the object 250 is not positioned correctly. For example, the electronic communication notification can direct medical personnel to view a display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with the object 250 to assess the position of the object 250. In some implementations, the objects 250 may comprise bed rails, and the system 100 is configured to determine whether the bed rails are in an upward position or a downward position. The system 100 may compare the values of the pixels representing the bed rails between frames over a discrete time period to determine whether the bed rails have transitioned positions. The system 100 may also compare the values of the pixels representing the bed rails to the values of the pixels representing another object or subject between frames over a discrete time period to determine a configuration of the bed rails.

The module 116 may also include functionality to ensure medical equipment is properly functioning. As disclosed above, the module 116 includes functionality to identify pixels representing a patient's extremities and to determine whether the extremities are moving. The module 116 may also cause the processor 106 to determine whether equipment attached to the patient is functioning properly. For example, the patient may be utilizing a continuous passive motion (CPM) device for knee joint recovery. Based upon the detected motion of the patient's leg, the processor 106 may be configured to determine whether the CPM device is properly flexing and/or extending the patient's knee.

The module 116 also includes functionality to determine whether the patient is not properly positioned. For example, the module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to determine whether the patient is entangled within the bed (e.g., leg stuck in rail) or in an orientation that is deemed unsafe. In an implementation, the processor 106 is configured to compare (e.g., cross-reference) pixels representing one or more portions (e.g., extremities) of the patient with pixels representing one or more objects (e.g., bed rails, edge of the bed, etc.). Based upon the cross-reference, the processor 106 may determine the patient is in an unsafe orientation based upon the positioning of the pixels representing the patient's extremities with respect to the pixels representing the one or more objects (e.g., bed rails, edge of bed, etc.). When a determination is made that the patient is in an unsafe orientation, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification directing medical personnel to view a display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with the patient to assess the orientation of the patient.

In one or more implementations, the system 100 is configured to determine whether the patient is attempting to leave the bed by way of the head of the bed or the foot of the bed. For instance, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to identify pixels representing a head of the bed and/or a foot of the bed. This identification may be accomplished through one or more of the techniques described above. The module 116 also causes the processor 106 to monitor pixels representing the patient (or a portion of the patient) over a time period. If the pixels representing the patient interface with the pixels representing the head of the bed or the foot of the bed (e.g., pixels representing the patient have approximately the same depth value as pixels representing head/foot of the bed), the processor 106 determines the patient is attempting to transition from the bed via the head/foot of the bed. In one or more implementations, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification to direct medical personnel to view a display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with the patient in response to this determination to assess whether or not the patient is attempting to transition from the bed.

In one or more implementations, the system 100 can receive feedback from the caregiver(s) in response to the electronic communication notifications. For instance, the module 116 can cause processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification that can be accepted or dismissed by the caregiver. For example, if the notification is not valid (e.g., the notification is not relevant to medical personnel, the patient is not actually performing the movement causing the generation of the notification, etc.), the caregiver can dismiss the notification. The module 116 can then cause the processor 106 to determine whether or not to issue future notifications based on the feedback received. For example, if the caregiver accepts the notification, the processor can issue future notifications when the state, motion, and/or gesture associated with the subject and/or object is determined. The system 100 can issue increasingly accurate and relevant electronic communication notifications for a patient by incorporating electronic communication notification responses over a time period.

In some implementations, the system 100 is configured to issue an electronic communication notification to medical personnel in response to a combination of a determination of patient movement and/or a patient state, as described above, and predetermined risk parameters. For instance, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to calculate a base risk score for the patient using a sensitivity algorithm based on one or more of the characteristics 120 (e.g., age, gender, weight, body type/dimensions, diagnoses, time of day, able-bodied, gait characteristics, mental status, physical restrictions, facial deformalities, sleeping abnormalities, angle of bed, dimensions of bed, additional equipment in room, fall risk score, patient schedule, call light signal, bed alarm signal, alarm history, fall risk score, medication records, caregiver has moved the patient, patient ethnicity and/or skin tone, bed characteristics, patient history of side lying activity, etc.). The algorithm may also include one or more caregiver characteristics 122 (e.g., caregiver schedules, average response time, patient medication, caregiver location, etc.). The one or more characteristics 120 and/or the one or more caregiver characteristics 122 may be furnished to the system 100 by the user, such as a caregiver, observed and learned by the system 100 utilizing suitable machine learning techniques as described above, and/or integrated from other systems. In some implementations, the algorithm can further include a manual sensitivity adjustment (e.g., the caregiver can manually increase the sensitivity of the electronic communication notification signaling system for high risk patients, etc.). The module 116 can cause the processor 106 to determine a notification signaling sensitivity level for the patient corresponding to base risk score (e.g., the system 100 can be more sensitive to the movements and/or patient states of patients with high base risk scores, etc.).

Once the processor 106 has determined a notification signaling sensitivity level for the patient, the module 116 can cause the processor 106 to determine if the determined patient movement or patient state creates a risk to the patient. For example, if the patient's base risk score and corresponding notification signaling sensitivity level are high, the module 116 can cause the processor 106 to determine that small patient movements or small changes in a patient state cause a risk to the patient. When a determination is made that the determined patient movement or patient state is causing a risk to the patient, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to issue an electronic communication to instruct medical personnel to view the display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with the patient to assess the determined patient movement and/or state.

In an implementation, the system 100 can generate the notification signaling sensitivity level from a base risk score determined from an algorithm comprising at least one of the Morse Falls Risk Scale reading for the patient, the average notification response time by a caregiver as observed by the system, the medication record as provided in the EMR, and a risk score generated by the system for the patient's recent movements. The module 116 can cause the processor to assign a numerical value for each input using comparisons of the current patient's activities with the activities of all previous patients observed by the system, as graded on a normal distribution scale. The processor 106 can combine these numerical values together, with each input carrying an independent weight. The processor 106 then determines the numerical base risk score for the patient, which determines the sensitivity of the system for that patient. In some implementations, caregivers can further increase or decrease that risk score, thereby further adjusting the sensitivity of the system.

In one or more implementations, the system 100 may utilize suitable machine learning techniques to adjust the sensitivity level in response to changes in the characteristics 120 and/or the caregiver characteristics 122. For example, the system 100 may receive call light information from the nurse call system and the processor 106 can increase the sensitivity (e.g., issue a notification signal earlier) to patient movement during the period of time when the call light is active. In another example, the processor 106 may increase sensitivity (e.g., issue a notification signal earlier) during times when a nurse location system indicates there are no nurses within a certain distance from the room. In another example, the system 100 may receive medication schedules and history from the electronic medical record system and the processor 106 can increase sensitivity (e.g., issue a notification signal earlier) during the time period following the administration of certain medications.

In one or more implementations, the system 100 may utilize suitable machine learning techniques to adjust the sensitivity level of the electronic communication notifications in response to caregiver feedback. For instance, the module 116 can cause processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification that can be accepted or dismissed by the caregiver. For example, if the notification is not valid (e.g., the patient is not actually at risk), the caregiver can dismiss the notification. The module 116 can then cause the processor 106 to incorporate the accepting or dismissal into the algorithm to adjust the base risk score and corresponding notification signaling sensitivity level (e.g., increase or decrease sensitivity) accordingly. The system 100 can identify an increasingly accurate risk score and corresponding notification signaling sensitivity level for a patient by incorporating electronic communication notification responses over a time period.

In an implementation, the system 100 can adjust the sensitivity level of the electronic communication notification signals based on a machine-learned decision tree built from observed patient behaviors. The module 116 can cause processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification that can be accepted or dismissed by the caregiver. For example, if the notification is not valid (e.g., the patient is not actually at risk), the caregiver can dismiss the notification. The module 116 can then cause the processor 106 to incorporate the accepting or dismissal into the machine-learned decision tree to adjust the base risk score and corresponding notification signaling sensitivity level (e.g., increase or decrease sensitivity) accordingly. In this implementation, if a future behavior reaches this same signaling node in the decision tree, the system 100 can ignore or intensify its signaling based on this previous feedback.

In one or more implementations, the system 100 can adjust the sensitivity level of the electronic communication notifications in response to a recorded history of patient behaviors that led to a notification signal. For example, the module 116 can further cause the processor 106 to record the history of patient behaviors (e.g., patient is transitioning from the bed) that resulted in a specific notification signal. If these patient behaviors recur in the future, the system the system 100 can ignore or intensify its signaling based on this previous feedback. For instance, the module 116 can cause the processor 106 to incorporate this feedback into the algorithm and/or the decision tree.

In one or more implementations, the system 100 can adjust the sensitivity level of the electronic communication notifications by retaining a plurality of depth pixels from the time of the notification signal or the time leading up to the notification signal. For example, the module 116 can further cause the processor 106 to record the plurality of depth pixels that occurred during or leading to a specific notification signal. If these plurality of pixels recur in the future, the system the system 100 can ignore or intensify its signaling based on this previous feedback. For instance, the module 116 can cause the processor 106 to incorporate this feedback into the algorithm and/or the decision tree.

In some implementations, the system 100 can issue a notification to inform the caregiver of activities that typically constitute a higher risk score. For example, if a patient that is assigned a low risk score is frequently showing patient movement associated with high risk patients, the processor 106 can issue an electronic communication notification to inform the caregiver of this behavior and the recommendation to increase fall risk and/or the notification signaling sensitivity level for that patient.

In some implementations, the system 100 can issue a notification to inform the caregiver of activities during certain periods of the day that typically constitute a higher risk score. For example, if a patient movement is frequently detected during a certain period of the day (e.g., 12 pm to 2 am) that typically constitutes a higher risk score, the processor 106 can issue an electronic communication notification to inform the caregiver to implement a custom sensitivity level for that period of the day.

In each of the implementations described above, the module 116 may cause the issuance (e.g., generate and transmit) of an electronic communication notification directing a user to view one or more of the display monitors 124 and/or display portions 128 based on the determined patient movement, the determined patient state, the patient notification signaling sensitivity level, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the system 100 may issue a notification directing the user to observe the display monitor 124 associated with a particular patient. The module 116 can cause the processor 106 to issue a notification directing the user to observe a particular display monitor 124 associated with a particular patient based on a state of the patient, a movement of the patient, and/or the patient notification signal sensitivity level determined using the techniques described above. For example if the module 116 determines that a patient with a high notification signaling sensitivity level is attempting to exit the bed, the module 116 can issue a notification directing the user to observe the display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with that patient.

In implementations, the system 100 is configured to interface with third party systems that may issue notifications to medical personnel monitoring one or more patients via the display monitors 124 and/or display portions 128. For example, the module 116 may issue a text notification (e.g., SMS message, an e-mail message, or the like) to a mobile electronic device instructing a user to observe a particular monitor 124 and/or display portion 128. In some implementations, the electronic communication notification can further comprise a visual (e.g., flash) and/or audible (e.g., noise-based alarm) signal. In other embodiments, the computing device 104 can communicate electronic notifications directly to the display monitors 124 via the communication network 110 through the communication module 112. In these embodiments, the module 116 can cause a particular display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 to issue a visual (e.g., flash) and/or audible signal based on the determined patient movement, the determined patient state, the patient notification signaling sensitivity level, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the electronic communication notification can signal the display monitor 124 to break out a display portion 128 associated with a patient based on the determined patient movement, the determined patient state, the patient notification signaling sensitivity level, or a combination thereof.

In one or more implementations, the system 100 is further configured to filter noise from the depth images. For instance, one or more modules can cause the processor 106 to create a pixel-by-pixel estimation of the mean and variance of the depth values of a nonmoving incoming plurality of pixels. The processor 106 can use the pixel-by-pixel depth value estimations to form a bin of estimates for each plurality of pixels that is storable in the memory 108. The processor 106 then compares the incoming plurality of pixels to the predetermined bin of estimates to determine conformity. If actual means and/or variances fall within the bin of estimates, the depth value of the estimates can be reported rather than the actual depth value of the incoming plurality of pixels. If there are slight differences between the actual means and/or variances, the processor 106 can update the bin of estimates accordingly. If the actual means and/or variances differ significantly from the bin of estimates, a new bin of estimates can be created. Both the original bin of estimates and the new bin of estimates can be retained in the memory 108 as a background bin and a foreground bin, respectively. The background and foreground bins can be used to create a background depth mask and a foreground depth mask, respectively. In this way, noise can be filtered from the depth channel, the depth value of each pixel can be determined with increased precision, and a more accurate depth mask of the environment can be generated.

Movement within the environment can be determined by identifying nonconforming pixels. For instance, the processor 106 can identify pixels that do not conform to their respective bins. The actual depth values of nonconforming pixels are reported. The processor 106 can be configured to determine that the nonconforming pixels are in motion using the techniques described herein (e.g., tracking pixels over a period of time, identifying pixels having varying depth values from one or more depth frame images, etc.).

In one or more implementations, an infrared light source may be utilized to further illuminate the environment to allow the camera 102 to operate within a darkened environment such that the processor 106 can generate one or more signals as described above in the various implementations described above. In these implementations, the system 100 can be configured to receive one or more infrared frame images and transmit the infrared frame images to the display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128, utilizing the techniques described herein.

Example Monitoring Process

FIG. 3 illustrates an example process 300 for determining whether a patient is positioned proximate to a bed utilizing an image capture system, such as the image capture system 100 described above. As shown in FIG. 3, one or more pixels are identified as representing a bed (Block 302). As described above, the cameras 102 are configured to capture image data representing one or more frames within a FOV of the cameras 102 (e.g., data representing one or more color frame images, data representing one or more depth frame images, data representing one or more infrared frame images). Once captured, the data is furnished to the computing device 104 to allow the module 116 to cause the classification of whether the pixels represent a portion of a bed. This may be accomplished over one or more frames. In one or more implementations, the system 100 can filter noise from the depth frame images, as described above. For instance, the processor 106 can estimate the depth value of a nonmoving plurality of pixels and then comparing the actual depth value of the incoming plurality of pixels to the estimate. Variances from depth value estimates can be used to update the estimates, and/or generate foreground depth masks and background depth masks, as described above. This allows for more accurate depth values of pixels to be determined.

The captured image data is also furnished to one or more display monitors 124, as described above. In implementations, the data is furnished to the display monitors 124 by the imaging device 102 and/or the computing device 104. In some implementations, one display monitor 124 can be associated with multiple objects (i.e., a human, such as a patient). For example, the display 126 can include a plurality of display portions 128, each configured to receive captured image data associated with a different patient, as described above. In some implementations, the system 100 can include a plurality of display monitors 124, with each display monitor receiving image data associated with one or more different objects.

Once pixels representing the bed are identified, one or more pixels representing an object (i.e., the patient) proximal to the bed are identified (Block 304). For example, based upon the depth data associated with each pixel, a grouping of pixels can be identified as representing an object within the bed. For instance, the module 116 may cause the processor 106 to identify one or more pixels as representing an object within the bed based upon the depth data (comparing a pixel's depth value to another pixel's depth value that represents the bed).

As shown in FIG. 3, at least one state associated with the object is determined (Block 306). The state may be defined as whether the patient is still within the bed, whether the patient is positioned to one side of the bed, whether the patient is positioned on the floor (i.e., the patient is not in bed), whether the patient appears to be getting out of bed, and so forth. For example, a determination is made whether the object is within the bed (or within an acceptable range within the bed) (Block 308). In an implementation, an orientation, such as a positional orientation, of the object (e.g., the patient) within the bed can be determined utilizing the identified object pixels. This may allow for the system 100 to furnish proactive notifications to medical personnel to assess a patient on a display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with the patient when the patient is taking actions that are not desired (e.g., sitting up, getting up, moving to the edge of the bed, etc.). In another example, a determination of whether the object is not within the bed (Block 310). For instance, the system 100 is configured to determine, as described above, whether the patient is positioned over the floor.

In one or more implementations, an electronic communication notification is issued (e.g., generate and/or transmit) by the processor and/or the communication module instructing a user to view the display monitor and/or display portion associated with the object (Block 312). For example, the electronic communication may instruct medical personnel to view a display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with a patient based on a determination by the system 100 that the patient is no longer within the bed. In another example, the electronic communication may instruct medical personnel to view a display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with a patient based on a determination by the system 100 that the patient has been positioned on the patient's side for over a defined time period. In some implementations, the electronic communication notification (e.g., e-mail, SMS text, MMS text, proprietary messaging services [e.g., HL7 messaging], etc.) can be issued to an electronic device (e.g., smart phone, handset, wireless voice message system, call light system, etc.) associated with medical personnel. However, the use of a text-based notification is offered by way of example only and is not meant to be restrictive of the present disclosure. In implementations, the electronic communication notification can further comprise other types of electronically communicated signals such as a visual signal (e.g., flashing of the display monitor, etc.) and/or an audible signal (e.g., noise-based alarm, etc.). In some implementations, the computing device 104 can communicate electronic notifications directly to the display monitors 124 via the communication network 110 through the communication module 112. For example, the module 116 can cause a particular display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 to issue a visual (e.g., flash) and/or audible signal when the associated patient is not determined to be within the bed (e.g., when patient is attempting to exit the bed, when the patient is taking actions that are not desired [e.g., sitting up, getting up, moving to the edge of the bed, etc.], patient is in a certain state, patient or room states that can be detected by the processor, etc.).

In some implementations, the display monitor 124 can signal the display to break out a display portion 128 associated with a particular patient, as described above. For example, a user can select a particular patient, and the display monitor 124 can signal the display 128 to break out the display portion 128 corresponding to that patient. In some implementations, the electronic communication notification can signal the display 126 to break out a display portion 128 corresponding to a particular patient via the communication network 110 through the communication module 112.

In some implementations, the system receives feedback from the caregiver(s) about the validity of the electronic communication notification (Block 314). As described above, the module 116 can cause processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification that can be accepted or dismissed by the caregiver. For example, if the notification is not valid (e.g., the determined patient state forming the basis of the notification signal is not relevant to medical personnel), the caregiver can dismiss the notification. In these implementations, the processor determines whether or not to issue future notifications based on the feedback received (Block 316). For example, if the caregiver accepts the notification, the processor can issue future notifications when the state associated with the object or subject is determined.

FIG. 4 illustrates another example process 400 for determining whether a patient is positioned proximate to a bed utilizing an image capture system, such as the image capture system 100 described above. As shown in FIG. 4, data representing at least one of a depth frame image or a color frame image associated with one or more subjects is received (Block 402). In an implementation, data representing depth frame images and/or color frame images are furnished by an imaging device 102 (e.g., the camera) having an image plane.

The depth frame images and/or color frame images are displayed on one or more display monitors associated with the one or more subjects (Block 404). In implementations, the depth frame images, color frame images, and/or infrared frame images are furnished to the display monitors 124 by the imaging device 102 and/or the computing device 104. In some implementations, one display monitor 124 can be associated with multiple subjects (e.g., patients). For example, the display 126 can include a plurality of display portions 128, each configured to receive the depth frame images/and or color frame images associated with a different subject, as described above. In some implementations, the system 100 can include a plurality of display monitors 124, with each display monitor 124 receiving depth frame images, color frame images, and/or infrared frame images associated with a different subject.

The processor identifies a body part from the at least one of the depth frame image or the color frame image associated with the one or more subjects (Block 406). As shown, the processor processes, via a first processing technique, the depth frame image or the color frame image to generate a first possible orientation signal of the body part with respect to the image plane (Block 408). In an implementation, the processor 106 is configured to process the depth frame image, the color frame image, and/or the infrared frame image utilizing a first processing technique (e.g., a first processing technique as described above with respect to FIGS. 2J to 2Z) to generate a first possible orientation signal of the body part. In one or more implementations, the system 100 can filter noise from the depth frame images, as described above. For instance, the processor 106 can estimate the depth value of a nonmoving plurality of pixels and then comparing the actual depth value of the incoming plurality of pixels to the estimate. Variances from depth value estimates can be used to update the estimates, and/or generate foreground depth masks and background depth masks, as described above. This allows for more accurate depth values of pixels to be determined.

As shown in FIG. 4, the processor processes, via a second processing technique, the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image to generate a second possible orientation signal of the body part with respect to the image plane (Block 410). In an implementation, the processor 106 is configured to process the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image utilizing a second processing technique (e.g., a second processing technique as described above with respect to FIGS. 2J to 2Z) to generate a second possible orientation signal of the body part. In some implementations, additional processing techniques can be used to generate additional orientation signals of the body. For example, the processor 106 can process, via another processing technique (e.g., a third processing technique, a fourth processing technique, a fifth processing technique, etc.), the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image to generate another possible orientation signal of the body part with respect to the image plane. The processor 106 generates a probability distribution (e.g., generates a probability distribution) based upon the one or more possible orientation signals via a fusion engine (Block 412). As described above, the processor 106 is configured to generate a probability distribution via the fusion engine 118 based upon at least the first possible orientation signal, the second possible orientation signal, and/or the other possible orientation signals.

The processor determines at least one state of the subject based upon the probability distribution (Block 414). In an implementation, the processor 106 is configured to determine that the subject is in the bed based upon the probability distribution. In another implementation, the processor 106 is configured to determine an orientation of the subject within the bed based upon the probability distribution. In yet another implementation, the processor 106 is configured to determine that the subject is transitioning within the bed or transitioning from/to the bed.

As described above, an electronic communication notification is issued (e.g., generate and/or transmit) based upon the determined state of the subject instructing a user to view the display monitor associated with the subject (Block 416). In some implementations, the electronic communication notification (e.g., e-mail, SMS text, MMS text, proprietary messaging services [e.g., HL7 messaging], etc.) can be issued to an electronic device (e.g., smart phone, handset, wireless voice message system, call light system, etc.) associated with medical personnel. However, the use of a text-based notification is offered by way of example only and is not meant to be restrictive of the present disclosure. In some implementations, the electronic communication notification can further comprise other types of electronically communicated signals such as a visual signal (e.g., flashing of the display monitor, etc.) and/or an audible signal (e.g., noise-based alarm, etc.). In other implementations, the computing device 104 can communicate electronic notifications directly to the display monitors 124 via the communication network 110 through the communication module 112. In these embodiments, the module 116 can cause a particular display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 to issue a visual (e.g., flash) and/or audible signal when the associated patient is not determined to be within the bed.

The display monitor signals the display to break out a display portion corresponding to the respective depth frame image, color frame image, and/or infrared frame image associated with one or more subjects based on the electronic communication notification (Block 418). For example, a user can select a particular patient based on the electronic communication notification, and the display monitor 124 can signal the display 126 to break out the display portion 128 corresponding to that patient. In some implementations, the electronic communication notification can signal the display 126 to break out a display portion 128 corresponding to a particular patient via the communication network 110 through the communication module 112.

In some implementations, the system receives feedback from the caregiver(s) about the validity of the electronic communication notification (Block 420). As described above, the module 116 can cause processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification that can be accepted or dismissed by the caregiver. For example, if the notification is not valid (e.g., the patient is not transitioning from the bed; the patient's transitioning from the bed does not require the attention of medical personnel, etc.), the caregiver can dismiss the notification. In these implementations, the processor determines whether or not to issue future notifications based on the feedback received (Block 422). For example, if the caregiver accepts the notification, the processor 106 can issue future notifications when the state associated with the object or subject is determined.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example process 500 for identifying an action performed by an object, such as a patient. As shown, one or more frame images are obtained from an imaging device (Block 502). In one or more implementations, the system 100 can filter noise from the frame images, as described above. For instance, the processor 106 can estimate the depth value of a nonmoving plurality of pixels and then comparing the actual depth value of the incoming plurality of pixels to the estimate. Variances from depth value estimates can be used to update the estimates, and/or generate foreground depth masks and background depth masks, as described above. This allows for more accurate depth values of pixels to be determined.

The frame images are displayed on one or more display monitors and/or display portions associated with a patient (Block 504). In implementations, the frame images are furnished to the display monitors 124 and/or display portions 128 by the imaging device 102 and/or the computing device 104. In some implementations, one display monitor 124 can be associated with multiple patients. For example, the display 126 can include a plurality of display portions 128, each configured to receive captured image data associated with a different patient, as described above. In some implementations, the system 100 can include a plurality of display monitors 124, with each display monitor receiving image data associated with one or more different patients.

A determination is made of whether motion was detected (Decision Block 506). The module 116 is configured to cause the processor 106 to determine whether motion has been detected based upon an identification of pixels representing a specific body part (e.g., an arm) and detecting movement of the pixels representing the specific body part. In implementations where filtering is utilized, movement within the environment can be determined by identifying pixels that do not conform to their depth value estimates, as described above. The processor 106 can be configured to determine that the nonconforming pixels are in motion using the techniques described herein (e.g., tracking pixels over a period of time, identifying pixels having varying depth values from one or more depth frame images, etc.).

If no movement is detected (NO from Decision Block 504), the process 500 transitions back to Block 502. If movement is detected (YES from Decision Block 504), a gesture is detected (Block 508). The system 100 is configured to detect the presence or the absence of a gesture. The module 116 causes the processor 106 to track the movement of the identified pixels to determine if the identified pixels correspond to a predetermined movement (e.g., predefined pattern). If the gesture matches a predetermined movement, the processor 106 determines a gesture has been performed (e.g., waving of an arm, movement of a leg, etc.).

Once a gesture has been detected, an electronic communication notification is issued directing a user to view the display monitor associated with the patient performing the gesture (Block 510). In response to detecting a gesture, the processor 106 provides an indication associated with the presence or the absence of the gesture. For example, the processor 106 issues (e.g., generates and causes transmission) an electronic communication. The electronic communication notification may be transmitted to medical personnel to indicate to the user that the patient associated with a particular display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 is requesting medical personnel based upon the gesture. The user can then view the patient and the gesture on the associated display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128.

In some implementations, the electronic communication notification (e.g., e-mail, SMS text, MMS text, proprietary messaging services [e.g., HL7 messaging], etc.) can be issued to an electronic device (e.g., smart phone, handset, wireless voice message system, call light system, etc.) associated with medical personnel. However, the use of a text-based notification is offered by way of example only and is not meant to be restrictive of the present disclosure. In implementations, the electronic communication notification can further comprise other types of electronically communicated signals such as a visual signal (e.g., flashing of the display monitor, etc.) and/or an audible signal (e.g., noise-based alarm, etc.). In some implementations, the computing device 104 can communicate electronic notifications directly to the display monitors 124 via the communication network 110 through the communication module 112. For example, the module 116 can cause a particular display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 to issue a visual (e.g., flash) and/or audible signal to indicate to the user that the patient associated with a particular display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 is requesting medical personnel based upon the gesture. In some implementations, a signal can be generated in response to an event associated with the patient (e.g., when patient is attempting to exit the bed, when the patient is taking actions that are not desired [e.g., sitting up, getting up, moving to the edge of the bed, etc.], patient is in a certain state, patient or room states that can be detected by the processor, etc.).

In some implementations, the display monitor 124 can signal the display to break out a display portion 128 associated with a particular patient, as described above. For example, a user can select a particular patient, and the display monitor 124 can signal the display 128 to break out the display portion 128 corresponding to that patient. In some implementations, the electronic communication notification can signal the display 126 to break out a display portion 128 corresponding to a particular patient via the communication network 110 through the communication module 112. For example, the electronic notification can signal the display 126 to break out a display portion 128 corresponding to a particular patient requesting medical personnel based upon the detected gesture.

In some implementations, the system receives feedback from the caregiver(s) about the validity of the electronic communication notification (Block 512). As described above, the module 116 can cause processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification that can be accepted or dismissed by the caregiver. For example, if the notification is not valid (e.g., the patient is not requesting medical personnel), the caregiver can dismiss the notification. In these implementations, the processor determines whether or not to issue future notifications based on the feedback received (Block 514). For example, if the caregiver accepts the notification, the processor can issue future notifications when the presence or absence of the gesture is detected.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example process for issuing an electronic communication notification to medical personnel utilizing an image capture system, such as the image capture system 100 described above. The electronic communication notification can be issued based upon a combination a combination of a determination of patient motion and/or a patient state, and patient risk parameters. As shown in FIG. 6, a base risk score is calculated for a subject (Block 602). As described above, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to calculate a base risk score for the subject using a sensitivity algorithm based on one or more of the characteristics 120. The algorithm may also include one or more caregiver characteristics 122. The one or more characteristics 120 and/or the one or more caregiver characteristics 122 may be furnished to the system 100 by the user, such as a caregiver (e.g., medical personnel), observed and learned by the system 100 utilizing suitable machine learning techniques as described above, and/or integrated from other systems. In some implementations, the algorithm can further include a manual sensitivity adjustment (e.g., the caregiver can manually increase the sensitivity of the notification signaling system for high risk patients, etc.). A notification signaling sensitivity level is determined for the subject based upon the base risk score (Block 604). As described above, the module 116 can cause the processor 106 to determine a notification signaling sensitivity level for the patient corresponding to base risk score (e.g., the system 100 can be more sensitive to the movements and/or patient states of patients with high base risk scores, etc.).

In an implementation, the system 100 can generate the notification signaling sensitivity level from a base risk score determined from an algorithm comprising at least one of the Morse Falls Risk Scale reading for the patient, the average notification response time by a caregiver as observed by the system, the medication record as provided in the EMR, and a risk score generated by the system for the patient's recent movements. The module 116 can cause the processor to assign a numerical value for each input using comparisons of the current patient's activities with the activities of all previous patients observed by the system, as graded on a normal distribution scale. The processor 106 can combine these numerical values together, with each input carrying an independent weight. The processor 106 then determines the numerical base risk score for the patient, which determines the sensitivity of the system for that patient. In some implementations, caregivers can further increase or decrease that risk score, thereby further adjusting the sensitivity of the system. One or more frame images are obtained from an imaging device (Block 606). The frame images are furnished to the computing device 104.

The frame images are displayed on one or more display monitors and/or display portions associated with the subject (Block 608). In implementations, the frame images are furnished to the display monitors 124 and/or display portions 128 by the imaging device 102 and/or the computing device 104. In some implementations, one display monitor 124 can be associated with multiple patients. For example, the display 126 can include a plurality of display portions 128, each configured to receive captured image data associated with a different patient, as described above. In some implementations, the system 100 can include a plurality of display monitors 124, with each display monitor receiving image data associated with one or more different patients

The processor determines at least one state of the subject and/or motion of the subject (Block 610). For instance, the processor 106 can use one or more of the processing techniques described above to determine at least one state and/or motion of the patient (e.g., processes described in FIGS. 3 through 5).

The processor then determines if the determined state of the patient and/or motion of the subject constitute a risk to the patient based on the determined notification signaling sensitivity level (Block 612). As described above, if the patient's base risk score and corresponding notification signaling sensitivity level are high, the module 116 can cause the processor 106 to determine that small patient movements or small changes in a patient state cause a risk to the patient. In one or more implementations, the system 100 may utilize suitable machine learning techniques to adjust the sensitivity level in response to changes in the one or more characteristics 120, the one or more caregiver characteristics 122, and/or the at least one state and/or motion of the patient. For example, the system 100 may receive call light information from the nurse call system and the processor 106 can increase the sensitivity (e.g., issue a notification signal earlier) to patient movement during the period of time when the call light is active. In another example, the processor 106 may increase sensitivity (e.g., issue a notification signal earlier) during times when a nurse location system indicates there are no nurses within a certain distance from the room. In another example, the system 100 may receive medication schedules and history from the electronic medical record system and the processor 106 can increase sensitivity (e.g., issue a notification signal earlier) during the time period following the administration of certain medications.

An electronic communication notification is issued based on the determination of subject risk directing a user to view the display monitor associated with the subject (Block 614). As described above, when a determination is made that the determined patient movement or patient state is causing a risk to the patient, the module 116 causes the processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification directing medical personnel to view the display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 associated with the patient. Medical personnel can observe the patient on the associated display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 to determine the validity of the notification. For example, medical personnel can view the patient on the associated display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 to determine whether or not the patient movement or patient state is causing a risk to the patient.

In some implementations, the electronic communication notification (e.g., e-mail, SMS text, MMS text, proprietary messaging services [e.g., HL7 messaging], etc.) can be issued to an electronic device (e.g., smart phone, handset, wireless voice message system, call light system, etc.) associated with medical personnel. However, the use of a text-based notification is offered by way of example only and is not meant to be restrictive of the present disclosure. In implementations, the electronic communication notification can further comprise other types of electronically communicated signals such as a visual signal (e.g., flashing of the display monitor, etc.) and/or an audible signal (e.g., noise-based alarm, etc.). In some implementations, the computing device 104 can communicate electronic notifications directly to the display monitors 124 via the communication network 110 through the communication module 112. For example, the module 116 can cause a particular display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 to issue a visual (e.g., flash) and/or audible signal to indicate to the user that the patient associated with a particular display monitor 124 and/or display portion 128 is at risk.

In some implementations, the display monitor 124 can signal the display to break out a display portion 128 associated with a particular patient, as described above. For example, a user can select a particular patient, and the display monitor 124 can signal the display 128 to break out the display portion 128 corresponding to that patient. In some implementations, the electronic communication notification can signal the display 126 to break out a display portion 128 corresponding to a particular patient via the communication network 110 through the communication module 112. For example, the electronic notification can signal the display 126 to break out a display portion 128 corresponding to a particular patient determined to be at risk.

In some implementations, the system receives feedback from the caregiver(s) about the validity of the electronic communication notification (Block 616). As described above, the module 116 can cause processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification that can be accepted or dismissed by the caregiver. For example, if the notification is not valid (e.g., the patient is not actually at risk), the caregiver can dismiss the notification. In these implementations, the processor adjusts the notification signaling sensitivity level based on the caregiver feedback (Block 618). As described above, the system 100 may utilize suitable machine learning techniques to adjust the notification signaling sensitivity level of the electronic communication notifications in response to caregiver feedback. For instance, the module 116 can then cause the processor 106 to incorporate the accepting or dismissal into the algorithm to adjust the base risk score (e.g., increase or decrease sensitivity) accordingly. The system 100 can identify an increasingly accurate risk score and corresponding notification signaling sensitivity level for a patient by incorporating electronic communication notification responses over a time period. In this way, the processor 106 determines whether or not to issue future notifications based on the adjusted sensitivity level.

In an implementation, the system 100 can adjust the sensitivity level of the electronic communication notifications based on a machine-learned decision tree built from observed patient behaviors. The module 116 can cause processor 106 to issue an electronic communication notification that can be accepted or dismissed by the caregiver. For example, if the notification is not valid (e.g., the patient is not actually at risk), the caregiver can dismiss the notification. The module 116 can then cause the processor 106 to incorporate the accepting or dismissal into the machine-learned decision tree to adjust the base risk score and corresponding notification signaling sensitivity level (e.g., increase or decrease sensitivity) accordingly. In this implementation, if a future behavior reaches this same signaling node in the decision tree, the system 100 can ignore or intensify its signaling based on this previous feedback.

In one or more implementations, the system 100 can adjust the sensitivity level of the electronic communication notifications in response to a recorded history of patient behaviors that led to a specific notification signal. For example, the module 116 can further cause the processor 106 to record the history of patient behaviors (e.g., patient is transitioning from the bed) that resulted in a specific notification signal. If these patient behaviors recur in the future, the system the system 100 can ignore or intensify its signaling based on this previous feedback. For instance, the module 116 can cause the processor 106 to incorporate this feedback into the algorithm and/or the decision tree.

In some implementations, the system 100 can adjust the sensitivity level of the electronic communication notifications by retaining a plurality of depth pixels from the time of the notification signal or the time leading up to the notification signal. For example, the module 116 can further cause the processor 106 to record the plurality of depth pixels that occurred during or leading to a specific notification signal. If these plurality of pixels recur in the future, the system the system 100 can ignore or intensify its signaling based on this previous feedback. For instance, the module 116 can cause the processor 106 to incorporate this feedback into the algorithm and/or the decision tree.

CONCLUSION

Generally, any of the functions described herein can be implemented using hardware (e.g., fixed logic circuitry such as integrated circuits), software, firmware, or a combination of these implementations. Thus, the blocks discussed in the above disclosure generally represent hardware (e.g., fixed logic circuitry such as integrated circuits), software, firmware, or a combination thereof. In the instance of a hardware implementation, for instance, the various blocks discussed in the above disclosure may be implemented as integrated circuits along with other functionality. Such integrated circuits may include all of the functions of a given block, system or circuit, or a portion of the functions of the block, system or circuit. Further, elements of the blocks, systems or circuits may be implemented across multiple integrated circuits. Such integrated circuits may comprise various integrated circuits including, but not necessarily limited to: a monolithic integrated circuit, a flip chip integrated circuit, a multichip module integrated circuit, and/or a mixed signal integrated circuit. In the instance of a software implementation, for instance, the various blocks discussed in the above disclosure represent executable instructions (e.g., program code) that perform specified tasks when executed on a processor. These executable instructions can be stored in one or more tangible computer readable media. In some such instances, the entire system, block or circuit may be implemented using its software or firmware equivalent. In other instances, one part of a given system, block or circuit may be implemented in software or firmware, while other parts are implemented in hardware.

Although the subject matter has been described in language specific to structural features and/or process operations, it is to be understood that the subject matter defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for monitoring a medical care environment, the system comprising: an imaging device having an imaging plane, the imaging device configured to receive at least one of a depth frame image, a color frame, or an infrared frame image representing a three-dimensional environment corresponding to a physical space; at least one display monitor associated with one or more subjects, the at least one display monitor comprising a plurality of display portions, where each display portion is configured to receive the respective at least one of the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image associated with each of the one or more subjects, and display the at least one of the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image; at least one computing device in communication with the imaging device, the at least one computing device including: a memory configured to store one or more modules; a processor coupled to the memory, the processor is configured to execute the one or more modules to cause the processor to: classify, via a machine learning classifier, a subset of pixels within the at least one of the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image as representing a body part of the one or more subjects; generate an orientation signal of the body part with respect to an image plane using the classified subset of pixels; determine at least one state of the one or more subjects based upon the orientation signal; generate an electronic communication notification to view the at least one display monitor based upon the at least one state of the one or more subjects; generate a zoomed-in image of at least one display portion of the plurality of display portions within the at least one display monitor based upon the at least one state of the one or more subjects; receive feedback from an electronic device indicative of a validity of the electronic communication notification; adjust via a machine learning process, an electronic communication alert sensitivity level for the determined state based upon the feedback; and determine whether to generate future electronic communication alerts for the determined state of the one or more subjects based on the adjusted electronic communication alert sensitivity level.
 2. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to execute the one or more modules to cause the processor to process, via another processing technique, the at least one of the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image to generate another orientation signal of the body part with respect to the image plane; determine a probability distribution based upon at least the orientation signal and the another orientation signal via a fusion engine; and determine the at least one state of the one or more subjects based upon the probability distribution.
 3. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to execute the one or more modules to cause the processor to determine whether the one or more subjects is at least one of transitioning from a bed or transitioning within the bed.
 4. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to execute the one or more modules to cause the processor to determine an orientation of the one or more subjects within a seating platform.
 5. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to execute the one or more modules to cause the processor to process the at least one of the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image to detect at least one of a presence or an absence of a gesture; and provide an indication associated with the at least one of the presence or the absence of the gesture.
 6. The system as recited in claim 1, wherein the machine learning classifier comprises a cascading Haar classifier.
 7. A method for monitoring a subject within a medical care environment, the method comprising: classifying, by a processor, a first subset of pixels within a field of view of an imaging device as representing an object of interest, the first subset of pixels representing a portion of a three-dimensional environment; classifying, via a machine learning classifier, a second subset of pixels within the field of view of the imaging device as representing the subject within the field of view, the second subset of pixels representing a portion of the three-dimensional environment; determining, by the processor using the machine learning classifier, at least one state associated with the subject based upon the first subset of pixels and the second subset of pixels; generating an electronic communication notification to view a display monitor associated with the subject based upon the at least one state of the subject; generating a zoomed-in image of at least one display portion within the display monitor based upon the at least one state of the subject; receiving feedback from an electronic device indicative of a validity of the electronic communication notification; adjusting, via a machine learning process, an electronic communication alert sensitivity level for the determined state based upon the feedback; and determining whether to generate future electronic communication alerts for the determined state of the one or more subjects based on the adjusted electronic communication alert sensitivity level.
 8. The method as recited in claim 7, further comprising filtering noise from the first subset of pixels and the second subset of pixels.
 9. The method as recited in claim 7, wherein the machine learning classifier comprises a cascading Haar classifier.
 10. A method for monitoring a medical care environment, the method comprising: receiving at least one of a depth frame image, a color frame image, or an infrared frame image associated with one or more subjects, the at least one of the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image captured by an imaging device having an image plane; displaying, via at least one display monitor associated with the one or more subjects, the at least one of the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image; classifying, via a first machine learning classifier, a body part associated with the one or more subjects from the at least one of the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image to generate a first orientation signal of a body part with respect to the image plane; classifying, via a second machine learning classifier, the at least one of the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image to generate a second orientation signal of the body part with respect to the image plane, wherein the second machine learning classifier is different from the first machine learning classifier; determining a probability distribution based upon at least the first orientation signal and the second orientation signal via a fusion engine; determining at least one state of the one or more subjects based upon the probability distribution; generating an electronic communication notification to view the at least one display monitor based upon the at least one state of the one or more subjects; generating a zoomed-in image of a display portion of a plurality of display portions within the at least one display monitor based upon the at least one state of the subject; receiving feedback from an electronic device indicative of a validity of the electronic communication notification; adjusting, via a machine learning process, an electronic communication alert sensitivity level for the determined state based upon the feedback; and determining whether to generate future electronic communication alerts for the determined state of the one or more subjects based on the adjusted electronic communication alert sensitivity level.
 11. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising processing, via a third machine learning classifier, the at least one of the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image to generate a third orientation signal of the body part with respect to the image plane, wherein determining a probability distribution based upon at least the first orientation signal and the second orientation signal via a fusion engine comprises determining the probability distribution based upon at least the first orientation signal, the second orientation signal, and the third orientation signal via the fusion engine, wherein the third machine learning classifier is different from the first machine learning classifier and the second machine learning classifier.
 12. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising filtering noise from the at least one of the depth frame image, the color frame image, or the infrared frame image.
 13. The method as recited in claim 10, wherein determining at least one state comprises determining an activity level associated with the subject.
 14. The method as recited in claim 10, further comprising identifying a position of at least one of a second subject or an object relative to the one or more subjects. 